Residual stress is one physical property that is becoming more crucial as the requirements and quality of manufacturing process grow.

Cold working causes plastic deformation that creates residual stresses.

Residual stresses are spontaneously in equilibrium as tensile residual stresses (detrimental) and compressive residual stresses (beneficial).

There are many methods to measure residual stresses.

Residual stress measurement is one essential way to find out if the component can withstand the demanding load and stress conditions in its service life.

Thermal and mechanical treatments are available to relieve the residual stresses.

Distortion is the unexpected, uneven change in size or shape caused by dissimilarities in manufacturing and heat treatment processes.

Residual stresses are induced during the machining due to mechanical, thermal or chemical factors. They may lead to lower fatigue life hence they should be analyzed and controlled.

Independent of external loads, there are internal stresses inside structures and materials. These stresses are called residual stresses.

Grinding is a chip-forming process which requires high energy to remove material to specified dimensions. The high energy, in return, generates heat which is created by the interactions of the grinding wheel with the workpiece.